A response to Karen Armstrong’s claim that the Crusaders were the first Christian group in history to demonize Muhammad as a way to justify the First Crusade. (My original, nearly 20 year-old, written response here).
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Which Christians First 'Demonized' Muhammad — and Why?
Raymond Ibrahim, an expert in Islamic history and doctrine, is the author of Defenders of the West: The Christian Heroes Who Stood Against Islam (2022); Sword and Scimitar: Fourteen Centuries of War between Islam and the West (2018); Crucified Again: Exposing Islam’s New War on Christians (2013); and The Al Qaeda Reader (2007). For media inquiries, please contact communications@
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