We take shopping malls for granted, although they’re actually a relatively new phenomenon, all things considered. The first indoor shopping mall in America opened in 1956 and is — not surprisingly — located in Minneapolis, which seems during wintertime to be located above the arctic circle. James Lileks has a section of his sprawling Website devoted to its history.
But malls change and adapt to current trends, or risk dying (and for shopping mall necrophiliacs, Dead Mall.com is your Website). Around 20 years ago, Starbucks and other retailers began to implement the idea of the Third Place, a term which was coined by sociologist Ray Oldenburg in the late 1980s, and explored by Virginia Postrel in her 1998 book, The Future and its Enemies:
Or consider the proliferation of coffee houses in the 1990s. Until recently, many U.S. social critics made much of the lack of “third places,” neither home nor work, where people could hang out and chat. Unlike Europeans, they complained, Americans have no café culture; shopping malls, suburbia, and commerce in general, they charged, have destroyed the democratic conversation of bars and social clubs.25 Such criticism was overstated, ignoring the many informal interactions that occur in such places as malls, restaurants, and doughnut shops. But the “third place” critique did identify a real source of discontent—as Starbucks discovered when its stores took off in ways the company never expected.
The original idea, writes CEO Howard Schultz, “was to provide a quick, stand-up, to-go service in downtown office locations.” Instead, the fastest-growing Starbucks stores turned out to be those near where people lived—the ones that functioned as neighborhood watering holes. The young adults who had grown up hanging out in shopping malls were looking for safe, friendly places to be with other people, places where, in Schultz’s words, “No one is carded and no one is drunk.” In focus groups, Los Angeles customers said they went to Starbucks because the place felt social. The company adjusted its strategy accordingly, building more and larger neighborhood stores, with more tables to sit around. It now deliberately seeks to foster a social, European-style café environment.
But what happens if you build a whole mixed-use development, a combination of stores, restaurants, professional offices and apartments around that notion of “a social, European-style café environment”? You get San Jose’s Santana Row development, which opened slowly in November 2002 and has since expanded into a sprawling project, despite California, and America’s, current sluggish (dare I say European-style) economy.
As I wrote on my blog back in early 2005, my wife and I stumbled onto our own local European-style development rather by surprise:
There’s a sort of mixed use shopping center/condominium complex that opened in San Jose a couple of years ago called Santana Row. (No relation, best as we can tell, to the psychedelic guitarist.) It’s located opposite a conventional indoor shopping mall that’s existed for decades. Whenever we’ve driven past its new opposite number, all we’ve seen are a few megastores, such as an enormous Best Buy and a surprisingly large Crate & Barrel. One night in 2003, we drove over there–I think to check out the Crate & Barrel, or maybe just to explore. After parking the car in the requisite multistory concrete garage, we emerged…in the Village.
[Enough with the Village stuff, OK??-Ed]
I dubbed it that when I first saw it, because its developers chose to house its group of smaller high-end boutique stores and restaurants in a sort of pretend 19th century-ish Parisian block, with condominiums on top of them (and a high-tech network underneath. But for better or worse, no signs of evil weather balloons patrolling the perimeter). Leaving the sprawling suburban section of San Jose that it’s located on and entering this alternate universe for the first time really does feel like you’re Patrick McGoohan being knocked out in London and waking up in the who-knows-where-in-the-world Village.
The photo above gives a sense of the Santana Row’s McGoohan-esque feel. Its the facade of a small stone chapel imported from France, and serves as Santana Row’s “Vintage Wine Bar.”
The former chapel serving as a wine bar is located adjacent to the Left Bank restaurant, which offers both casual outdoor and indoor dining serving sort of Americanized French cuisine:
As I noted back then, “If Santana Row all sounds a bit disorienting, I have a feeling it’s intentional:”
I know part of the reason why Las Vegas has become a sort of Disneyland for adults is that by putting tourists in a universe that doesn’t exist locally, it’s easier for people to lose their inhibitions and gamble, drink, and let their money flow more freely. I wonder if that last element was part of the thinking behind the development of Santana Row–and if it is, will we being seeing more theme-style shopping malls?
In 2008, Financial Times offered a characteristically slightly snooty take on the development, which helps flesh out some of its backstory:
“The industrial age was marked by the construction of single-family homes [but] the hallmark of the new spatial fix will be denser use of land and increased compactness,” says Richard Florida, professor of business and creativity at the Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto, Canada, whose latest book, Who’s Your City?, focuses on the “where to live” question. “The demand for central locations is motivated by people’s desire to conserve time – by eliminating commuting, for instance.”
But, perhaps not surprisingly, it is in the consumerist US where the retail-residential concept is really taking off. Developers are bringing it not just to cities but to towns and suburbs, manufacturing entirely new, upmarket communities around pre-packaged, open-air malls. Call it instant yet sanitised urbanism – with a focus on shopping.
Santana Row, five miles from the nearest city, San José, is an ideal case in point. Designed to resemble a large urban block with a main street running through the centre, it has 70 retailers, 20 restaurants, nine spas and salons and more than 1,000 residents on its 42-acre footprint. Having opened in 2002, it has become the go-to spot for young professionals looking for upmarket shopping, a vibrant restaurant scene, a buzzy nightlife and, crucially, a convenient place to live.
The location of the development is significant. San José is California’s third largest city and, as the capital of Silicon Valley with its concentration of high-tech industries and wealth, its inhabitants rank among those with the highest median incomes in the country. But it has long drawn unfavourable comparisons with San Francisco, 50 miles north, for its lack of animation. And, if anything, the vibrancy of Santana Row has exacerbated the situation, luring not only shoppers but also homebuyers with its promise of a new kind of community.
“I’m addicted to the convenience. Everything is at your fingertips,” says Casey De Carlo, a software company sales executive and former suburbanite who now lives in The Heights, a Santana Row apartment building flanking an open courtyard with a swimming pool. “I made more friends here in six months than in six years in the suburbs and I could write a book about what goes on around the hot tub,” he adds wryly.
To walk the streets of Santana Row is to confront a melange of architectural styles and cultural references. Jan Sweetman, a vice-president at developer Federal Realty, says designers were sent to France and Europe to source ideas before blueprints were drawn up. Several architects were contracted to work on different buildings to avoid a “Disneyland-type product.” There are fountains imported from Barcelona, grassy plazas, fragments of ironwork and distressed stucco from Tunisia and Italy and Gaudi-esque pillars encrusted with broken tiles. The façade of a 17th-century French chapel is affixed to the front of a wine bar.
Beyond the slight sense of disorientation, there are practical advantages to such a location, as Glenn Reynolds wrote in An Army of Davids:
The downside is that the traditional downtown has been replaced by corporate-controlled space. What’s wrong with that? Well, in the traditional downtown, things like the First Amendment’s guarantee of free speech apply. In malls, they generally don’t. (One of my former students has written an interesting law review article on this subject.) But that’s where the people are, meaning that First Amendment guarantees of the right to protest downtown are increasingly meaningless when nobody goes downtown. Indeed, here in Knoxville the antiwar protests, such as they were, were held on the sidewalk in front of West Town Mall when the protest organizers realized that a weekend protest downtown would be the proverbial tree falling unheard in the forest. Malls often have such offensive characteristics as omnipresent security cameras coupled with draconian bans on picture taking. It’s not like Singapore, exactly, but it’s not your old-fashioned downtown square either.
But there’s a lesson too. One reason why people go to malls instead of downtown is that they feel safe. Part of this is physical safety. Though that’s partly an illusion. Mall crime doesn’t get reported much—all those advertisers make it easy to persuade local media to keep it quiet—but there’s lots more of it than you’d think. Makes sense: criminals go where the money is, and a mugger would starve to death in most downtowns.
But more important than the desire for physical safety, I think, is the desire to go un-hassled by unpleasant people. Vagrants (relatively safe from prosecution in light of Supreme Court decisions), panhandlers, and accosters of pedestrians ranging from Bible-thumping street preachers to various political activists are free to express themselves in downtowns, thanks to the expansive First Amendment jurisprudence of the past half-century. But, except in a few states where the state constitution has been interpreted to treat malls as public space, they’re barred from these spaces. And, in a curious coincidence, that’s where people tend to go. (How do people really feel about this? I’ve observed that in the movie Airplane, the audience always cheers when the airport solicitors get beaten up.)
So what’s the lesson? Free speech absolutists (and I’m pretty much one myself) may tell people that being hassled by loud-mouths is part of democracy. And people may even agree—but they’ll still choose the mall over downtown if the hassle-factor gets very high. What that means, among other things, is that public-sector rules are always subject to private-sector competition. It also suggests that you can enact rules that promote free speech at the cost of people being hassled—but if you go too far, people will vote with their feet by choosing a controlled environment with fewer hassles.
And indeed, one reason why my wife and I typically choose Santana Row in San Jose over trendy Palo Alto to spend our leisure time, is that the feral homeless run rampant through that college town’s shopping district. While the occasional homeless person can and sometimes does get into Santana Row, security is available to escort them off the property.
The site’s condominiums, located on the floors above ground level, offer airy and well-glazed residences for those seeking to live in this holographic faux-urban environment. And for the right tenant, it’s probably a great place to live. But on weekends, the PART-TAY! atmosphere of Santana Row’s clubs and singles bars can get rather raucous. Still, if you want an urban environment with a minimum of grit, but plenty of energy, this is your kind of place. However, for those who prefer to live nearby, Santana Row’s owners are contracting to build a series of condos and apartments adjacent, but not quite in the center of the action.
Unfortunately for Santana Row, the double-whipsaw of the post-Stimulus economy and California’s myriad structural economic woes have hampered it slightly. In the spring of 2011, a gorgeous two-story Borders Books at Santana Row closed when that chain declared bankruptcy, which some have blamed on the chain placing too much emphasis on the “Third Place” concept and reducing the focus on actually pushing the underlying merchandise. That particular Borders certainly had plenty of comfy chairs for browsers to linger — my wife and I bought a pair of them for our media room during their going out of business fire sale. Today, the large retail space it formerly occupied currently has its windows blacked out, awaiting another tenant, which seems rather slow to be forthcoming.
As one of Santana Row’s PR people admitted to me, it’s the site’s restaurants that are currently providing a fair chunk of its retail income. But at least the development has a financial cushion during these troubled economic times. Presuming the economy begins to stabilize after 2012 and Silicon Valley remains an attractive area for young professionals, Santana Row should continue to grow successfully. In the meantime, it’s a paradoxical experiment: the future of American retailing, with a deliberately fin de siècle European style. I’m not at all sure I’d want to live there, but it’s certainly fun to visit when I need to take a vacation from workaday Silicon Valley — without the hassle of TSA searches, passports, or graffiti.
“I am not a number. I am a free man.”
“Ha ha ha ha ha!!!!!”
Boy, does that exchange ring true today.
As a San Jose resident, I confirm that THE reason to patronize Santana Row – aside from Pizza Antica and some of the finest pizza in Santa Clara County – is that it’s free of agro. It offers the strolling equivalent to the 1950′s Sunday ride in the country for the very multiculti population of the area, ending with either lunch or dinner there. You can park and shop and eat without messing with the various symptomology of the illegal multiculti of most of CA. It’s clean, safe and offers merchandise in comfortable surroundings, easy walking distance to the wider range of shops (Macy’s and Nordstrom, Williams Sonoma) across the street at Valley Fair. People behave, by and large, and that’s not predictable in San Jose or Palo Alto or even Los Gatos, because the private security does take care of things. You no longer expect that from SJPD. It’s a relief.
Santana Row is an expensive trap and nothing more. The best store there is on the corner called “Best Buy” and an even better one is diagonally accross the street, BevMo. The “coffee house” set is mostly out of work types looking for pity from other out of work types. I avoid that area (except for BevMo) as there are better more convienent stores elsewhere.
BevMo is truly remarkable. That there are that many kinds of booze made in the world, much less located in one store, just boggles the mind. And that’s BEFORE I drank any of it!
It’s a great place to shop (once you can figure out how to get in there, it took me a couple of tries). As a place to live, I’m not so sure. The developers of Santana Row may have tried their best to avoid the Disneyland feel, but it ends up a lot like a hybrid of the World Showcase at Epcot and their preplanned town, Celebration. It’s fake. But at least Disneyland has fewer pretensions about it.
In particular, the church that’s not a church is vaguely insulting to me, though Catholics drink alcohol. A real neighborhood would have a real church, schools, parks (not “multi-use green spaces”) etc. This is just a homogenous collection of young adults, not a community. I don’t know where the residents go for those kinds of things, but I doubt it’s to the wider area which is much less upscale and literally outside the walls. Maybe their lives really are all about work (very convenient to the freeway on-ramps) play and shopping. That’s kind of sad.
For shopping, it is very nice, though some of their very upscale brands have closed up, I believe. So I’d have to say it’s a classic example of “Nice place to visit, but I wouldn’t want to live there.” Of course, all of CA is that way to me.
As a place to live, I’m not so sure.
For a person with a lot of money to blow and no desire to engage in yard work, it’s fine.
I live in the Central Valley. Los Gatos and Palo Alto are a walk in the park. Go have a look at the K Street Mall in Sacramento. Having said that Santana Row is pretty nice if you like plastic and concrete. Last time we went however the farmers market was a pale shadow of 5 years ago. And I’m thinking the Borders closing isn’t the last one.
“U.S. social critics made much of the lack of “third places,” neither home nor work, where people could hang out and chat. Unlike Europeans, they complained, Americans have no café culture”
I wonder if Ray ever heard of sports bar before?
Cafe culture thrives in places where you buy a cup of coffee and shoot the breeze the whole day, where you have govt paid philosophers agonizing over life. Here, we live our lives, our paid philosophers are confined to ruining young minds in tax payers subsidized college campuses.
The thing about Starbucks-style businesses is that they are available only to people without kids. If you’re raising a couple of rug-rats (and haven’t farmed parenting out to a faux mom), you’ll have zero time to flop in a coffee-house and try to out-progressive the next guy. Catering to dead-end young people looks like a, literally, dead-end societal strategy to me.
San Francisco is just starting to figure that out. It’s Santana Row in a city-sized package.
Although Santana Row is 1000 percent cleaner than SF — and not coincidentally has 100 percent less homeless.
Absolutely! I’m just thinking of the taxpayer demographic. Although I bet there’s some kind of inverse correlation between bums and kids per square mile.
I respectively disagree – Starbucks got it right when they started opening drive thru stores, catering to mom’s who don’t want to drag kids out of car seats (especially in winter)to get a much needed caffeine fix. In Colorado they are a pretty consistent feature – and never fear, it’s possible to ‘out progressive’ each other in the drive line via green vehicles and bumper stickers.
1) Where’s the chess board? And the dwarves? I think I’ll act like a silly liberal and say that makes your argument null and void, also, inevitably, racist!
2) Does anyone think, when those people long ago built that chapel, they cared one wit for the shallow use it’s been put to in this case? Knowing that, I think they’d burn it down.
3) Certain cities have ben trying this for over ten years. Indianapolis and Charlotte are two obvious examples. “Obvious to whom?” you ask, testily. Obvious to anyone who functions outside of leftist lala kookooland, that’s whom! And it’s damn annoying! Every skill one has developed to survive and even thrive in decaying, not quite making it cities must be recalibrated. I’m looking foir a bagel shop, and I’m stuck with frikkin’ Starbucks! What’s with all the rules? Who empowered all these squeaky-voiced incompetant coffee-slingers to be so bad at what they do, yet obnoxious while they’re doing it?
4) We love old, decaying European cities because of what they represent. Hundreds of years on the same spot, through Revolution, war, prosperity, disaster, and everything in between give it a warm spot in our hearts. To think that someone came in for a cup of coffee two hundred years ago, at exactly the same spot, brings one to a better understanding of life, and one’s place in it. It is simply awesome, and not in the stupid, lame way we use that word, now. Instead of trying to be bad copies of something excellent, why don’t we just do the best we can? That used to be enough.
5) I’m really sick of this demeaning of Disney with the term “Disnification”. He was a one-off, and would be appalled at what his corporation has become. There always was the choice, while he was yet alive, to just grab the buck, but he rejected that strenously. He mined old culture, but always formed new gold from that. It cheapens his memory to think this current crap deserves his name (although he would probably like the guys at Pixar). Maybe we should change the term to Eisnerfication.
6) Otherwise, great, as usual.
“1) Where’s the chess board? And the dwarves? ”
The chessboard? It’s there. The dwarf? Well, I haven’t met Number Two yet, so I can only assume his butler is busy making tea for him.
– except for the big white ball that kept chasing us around.
Sounds nice. I am rebuilding the engine on a 72 Chevy Nova. If I move in do you think they have anywhere I can work on my car?
Come to think of it they move to a place like that because they want to get away from people like me. Oh well, it’s a free country, they do not have to like me.
Also from San Jose, Santana Row was a nice place to be, with some great restaurants. What’s most interesting is how nice a place it is to visit (and presumably live–I can’t afford it), and it’s entirely a corporate endeavor. It’s capitalism producing a nice upscale community. It’s a little artificial-seeming, but that’s mainly because it all sprouted at once. If it survives, some years from now it’ll have a little of that patina of legitimacy. Of course the architecture will be out of style by then….
I live in NYC now. Some similarities in living style (living above restaurants and shopping, walk from place to place) but the people are nicer in San Jose, you won’t get run over by insane yellow cabs, and the shopping is more convenient. Customer service is better and people are basically happier in SJ. I’d heard rumors of similar developments going in in other locations of San Jose that could use some revitalization, but apparently the crash of ’08 has put a damper on them.
Sniff. Missing home a little right now.
The first enclosed shopping mall in the United States was Westminister Arcade, built in 1828 in downtown Providence RI. Three stories, parking and accessibility issues and small shop spaces have made it uncompetitive with modern malls. All the retail space might total up to a single anchor store space today. OTOH, the architectural style is Ionic Greek temple and it is a National Historic Landmark.
Shucks, we did this in Toledo in 1958. It was great, that first summer.
After a while, people developed a problem with slush getting in over the tops of their four-buckle arctics, five months of the year. It was hard to maintain the ambience.
Them as couldn’t take it, moved to San Jose because it is always so nice there. And yet today, Midwesterners spend more time outdoors than Californians do.
OK to stroll around but not the future–way too upscale.
Nice chessboard, as remarkedabove.
I wrote a related piece on this subject for the LAT in 2006 (commissioned by Matt Welch, during his brief tenure there): http://dynamist.com/articles-speeches/opeds/malls.html
And, on a related note, a defense of chain stores: http://dynamist.com/articles-speeches/atlantic/chains.html
“We take shopping malls for granted, although they’re actually a relatively new phenomenon….”
Not really. I recommend a walk through Istanbul’s Grand Bazaar for perspective. It’s was founded before the European discovery of America.
Your evoking “The Prisoner” was too perfect!!!
No. 6: “I am not a debit card, I am a free man!”
No. 2: “Ha ha ha ha ha.”
Santana Row is nice, but Southlake Town Square (same concept) in Texas beat Santana by a few years.
Having been raised in Berne, Switzerland, a town about 900 years old with rich architecture, it is my opinion that Santana Row is a nice, acceptable mini-city. Granted I have only been there three times to date, but I absolutely love that one is allowed to walk one’s dogs through the quaint streets. I avoid San Francisco like the plague and Palo Alto isn’t worth much more. Too many bums and dirty. My favorite neighbor town is Mountain View. It is alive, clean and so far no bums bothering the population.
What’s not been mentioned here is that SR is across the street from not only the Winchester Mystery House but the locally iconic Century 21/22/23 theater complex as well, and is also next to the CA 280/680/17 crossing, which is one of the most significant freeway transfer points in the entire valley.
Location, location, location. The degree to which its design has anything to do with its success is pretty much imponderable when it’s sitting in an AAA+++ prime piece of real estate.
Fun fact: there’s a trailer park right next to the WMH. What a place to live. . . .
Santana Row is Agenda 21 in all it’s horrific glory.
Nahh. And you get used everyone muttering “Be seeing you” when you leave their shops pretty quickly.
Another thing Santana Row lacks compared to downtown San Jose – insufferable political correctness. I’m speaking, of course, of the “dog pile” statue and the associated civic capture by the Hispanic activists.
Both areas are a bit it off-putting to my mind and I hang at neither. But then I don’t do much “third space” hanging anyway having a full time job, a family, and a three bedroom, two bath home with a yard in a 50 year old section of San Jose.
If I were single and dating, it might make a good place to take the ladies, so long as they didn’t expect me to hold their purse while they shopped for shoes.
I also live in San Jose. Glenn Reynolds will be pleased to know that while Santana Row itself is not the venue for free speech protests, the intersection immediately adjacent (Winchester / Stevens Creek Blvds.) is THE major site for local demos, anti-war and many other things. Almost all vehicle traffic to and from “the Row” passes through this intersection.
although Occupy San Jose has chosen city hall plaza as their new home.
Exactly. I shot a video of the San Jose Tea Party at that intersection on July 5th, 2009.
Sites like that are springing up all around Atlanta. Downtown has become a hollowed out shell thanks to hyper rights for the homeless, et. al. So business, shopping & dining have moved to the safer suburbs where customers are. This is what democracy looks like.
The main reason to patronized this place, like Bay Street in Emeryville, is the lack of “homeless” people, druggies, hookers, and the like.
It’s like an outdoor space without the nasty underworld of the “real” outdoor spaces.
I love it.
Even after twenty years of being in eletronics it is amazing the new toys that come out each year.