<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
		>
<channel>
	<title>Comments on: Climategate: Violating the Social Contract of Science (Updated)</title>
	<atom:link href="http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Wed, 15 Feb 2012 22:10:19 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.org/?v=3.2.1</generator>
	<item>
		<title>By: Ed Brady</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-456738</link>
		<dc:creator>Ed Brady</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 17:33:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-456738</guid>
		<description>Roger Pielke, Sr. is at Colorado State University, not the University of Colorado as noted in Mr. Martin&#039;s 11/22 article.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Roger Pielke, Sr. is at Colorado State University, not the University of Colorado as noted in Mr. Martin&#8217;s 11/22 article.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Mike G</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-453193</link>
		<dc:creator>Mike G</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 09:00:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-453193</guid>
		<description>I have constructed complex models and know you can torture them into revealing anything you want.    Also, long term weather and climate models are very complex and have so many interdependent variables that it is highly unlikely that any sane and knowledgeable person would actually take any serious actions based upon them their predictions.  Certainly they would not agree to put their own assets or well being at risk based upon these predictions.

So I am very disturbed that the world’s societies would ever consider acting on any such predictions even absent the self-serving manipulations now being exposed. 

BTW, I do not believe that all of these people are diabolically attempting to rip off the rest of us. I think for the most part they feel personally convinced about global warming but inadequately armed to convince anyone else or to fend off external challenges to inadequate modeling and uncooperative data.  So they get secretive and “creative” since they “know” what is good for the rest of us.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I have constructed complex models and know you can torture them into revealing anything you want.    Also, long term weather and climate models are very complex and have so many interdependent variables that it is highly unlikely that any sane and knowledgeable person would actually take any serious actions based upon them their predictions.  Certainly they would not agree to put their own assets or well being at risk based upon these predictions.</p>
<p>So I am very disturbed that the world’s societies would ever consider acting on any such predictions even absent the self-serving manipulations now being exposed. </p>
<p>BTW, I do not believe that all of these people are diabolically attempting to rip off the rest of us. I think for the most part they feel personally convinced about global warming but inadequately armed to convince anyone else or to fend off external challenges to inadequate modeling and uncooperative data.  So they get secretive and “creative” since they “know” what is good for the rest of us.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Dmitry</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-453172</link>
		<dc:creator>Dmitry</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 07:44:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-453172</guid>
		<description>Peer-review is not a so big scandal after all: if a journal intentionally publishes outragely insane everywhere incorrect paper, the reputation of the journal will drop to zero and community would abstain from publishing in the journal automatically. I know several journals I&#039;ll not send a paper to. This could be the case here. 

What I find crucial problem is the revelation that the guys were unable to reproduce their own results, let alone other were able to do it, see the programmer&#039;s notes. Such results are not scientific by definition of &quot;science&quot; and anything based on these results should be considered unproved. What I do not understand is how much of the GW is based on these papers.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Peer-review is not a so big scandal after all: if a journal intentionally publishes outragely insane everywhere incorrect paper, the reputation of the journal will drop to zero and community would abstain from publishing in the journal automatically. I know several journals I&#8217;ll not send a paper to. This could be the case here. </p>
<p>What I find crucial problem is the revelation that the guys were unable to reproduce their own results, let alone other were able to do it, see the programmer&#8217;s notes. Such results are not scientific by definition of &#8220;science&#8221; and anything based on these results should be considered unproved. What I do not understand is how much of the GW is based on these papers.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Charlie Martin</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-453063</link>
		<dc:creator>Charlie Martin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 04:57:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-453063</guid>
		<description>#36 Mark: &lt;i&gt;“Peer review” as actually practiced means one anonymous person saying yea or nay on a piece of research for reasons that are never publicly revealed. &lt;/i&gt;

Mark, this would be a lot more convincing if it were recognizable as the way peer review is actually done.  I don&#039;t know of any peer reviewed journal or conference that uses only one reviewer, and the reasons are always written out in detail, even if you don&#039;t know who wrote them.  In fact, peer review was invented to eliminate this problem: the mysterious Editor who rejects things for good or bad reasons.

Imperfect?  You bet — this will probably be the textbook example of the imperfections for years to come.  But, as Churchill said about democracy, it&#039;s a horrible system but still 8 times better than our other choices.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>#36 Mark: <i>“Peer review” as actually practiced means one anonymous person saying yea or nay on a piece of research for reasons that are never publicly revealed. </i></p>
<p>Mark, this would be a lot more convincing if it were recognizable as the way peer review is actually done.  I don&#8217;t know of any peer reviewed journal or conference that uses only one reviewer, and the reasons are always written out in detail, even if you don&#8217;t know who wrote them.  In fact, peer review was invented to eliminate this problem: the mysterious Editor who rejects things for good or bad reasons.</p>
<p>Imperfect?  You bet — this will probably be the textbook example of the imperfections for years to come.  But, as Churchill said about democracy, it&#8217;s a horrible system but still 8 times better than our other choices.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Charlie Martin</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-453058</link>
		<dc:creator>Charlie Martin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 04:51:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-453058</guid>
		<description>&lt;i&gt;The point was that the same scientific experts; geniuses if you will that finally confirmed Einstein was correct are the empirical wizards that turned around and swallowed the phony global warming crap hook, line and sinker.&lt;/i&gt;

You know, there are a lot of people you&#039;d get on with over on Ian&#039;s thread.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><i>The point was that the same scientific experts; geniuses if you will that finally confirmed Einstein was correct are the empirical wizards that turned around and swallowed the phony global warming crap hook, line and sinker.</i></p>
<p>You know, there are a lot of people you&#8217;d get on with over on Ian&#8217;s thread.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Hunker Down Learning:</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-452998</link>
		<dc:creator>Hunker Down Learning:</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 03:11:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-452998</guid>
		<description>Re: 11 Charlie Martin, among other of his posts..

17 degrees, 17 seconds, who cares?

The point was that the same scientific experts; geniuses if you will that finally confirmed Einstein was correct are the empirical wizards that turned around and swallowed the phony global warming crap hook, line and sinker. 

Then to put the cherry on top this Climategate mess is being referred as a violation of the Social Contract of Science which will put an end to the entire farce not because it is a scam; a lie from day one, but because the compromised e-mail messages reveals stuff that socially offends the consensus of a bunch of research fellows..

Where does this endless, unbearable junk come from..?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Re: 11 Charlie Martin, among other of his posts..</p>
<p>17 degrees, 17 seconds, who cares?</p>
<p>The point was that the same scientific experts; geniuses if you will that finally confirmed Einstein was correct are the empirical wizards that turned around and swallowed the phony global warming crap hook, line and sinker. </p>
<p>Then to put the cherry on top this Climategate mess is being referred as a violation of the Social Contract of Science which will put an end to the entire farce not because it is a scam; a lie from day one, but because the compromised e-mail messages reveals stuff that socially offends the consensus of a bunch of research fellows..</p>
<p>Where does this endless, unbearable junk come from..?</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Rich Vail</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-452685</link>
		<dc:creator>Rich Vail</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 20:20:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-452685</guid>
		<description>here is the email from Michael Man to Tim Osborn, stating flatly that Realclimate.org was at CRU&#039;s disposal in their attempts to silence dissent  on AGW.  By silence, they agree to censor any articles or comments that are submitted to their publication.

From: &quot;Michael E. Mann&quot; 
To: Tim Osborn , Keith Briffa 
Subject: update 
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2006 16:51:53 -0500 
Reply-to: mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx 
Cc: Gavin Schmidt 


guys, I see that Science has already gone online w/ the new issue, so we 
put up the RC post. By now, you&#039;ve probably read that nasty McIntyre 
thing. Apparently, he violated the embargo on his website (I don&#039;t go 
there personally, but so I&#039;m informed). 

Anyway, I wanted you guys to know that you&#039;re free to use RC in any way 
you think would be helpful. Gavin and I are going to be careful about 
what comments we screen through, and we&#039;ll be very careful to answer any 
questions that come up to any extent we can. On the other hand, you 
might want to visit the thread and post replies yourself. We can hold 
comments up in the queue and contact you about whether or not you think 
they should be screened through or not, and if so, any comments you&#039;d 
like us to include. 
You&#039;re also welcome to do a followup guest post, etc. think of RC as a 
resource that is at your disposal to combat any disinformation put 
forward by the McIntyres of the world. Just let us know. We&#039;ll use our 
best discretion to make sure the skeptics dont&#039;get to use the RC 
comments as a megaphone... 
mike 

-- 
Michael E. Mann 
Associate Professor 
Director, Earth System Science Center (ESSC) 

Department of Meteorology Phone: (814) 863-4075 
503 Walker Building FAX: (814) 865-3663 
The Pennsylvania State University email: mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx 
University Park, PA 16802-5013 

http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/faculty/mann.htm

This is huge, here is an &quot;independent non-profit&quot; publication offering to shut out any dissent from the established &quot;consensus&quot;.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>here is the email from Michael Man to Tim Osborn, stating flatly that Realclimate.org was at CRU&#8217;s disposal in their attempts to silence dissent  on AGW.  By silence, they agree to censor any articles or comments that are submitted to their publication.</p>
<p>From: &#8220;Michael E. Mann&#8221;<br />
To: Tim Osborn , Keith Briffa<br />
Subject: update<br />
Date: Thu, 09 Feb 2006 16:51:53 -0500<br />
Reply-to: <a href="mailto:mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx">mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx</a><br />
Cc: Gavin Schmidt </p>
<p>guys, I see that Science has already gone online w/ the new issue, so we<br />
put up the RC post. By now, you&#8217;ve probably read that nasty McIntyre<br />
thing. Apparently, he violated the embargo on his website (I don&#8217;t go<br />
there personally, but so I&#8217;m informed). </p>
<p>Anyway, I wanted you guys to know that you&#8217;re free to use RC in any way<br />
you think would be helpful. Gavin and I are going to be careful about<br />
what comments we screen through, and we&#8217;ll be very careful to answer any<br />
questions that come up to any extent we can. On the other hand, you<br />
might want to visit the thread and post replies yourself. We can hold<br />
comments up in the queue and contact you about whether or not you think<br />
they should be screened through or not, and if so, any comments you&#8217;d<br />
like us to include.<br />
You&#8217;re also welcome to do a followup guest post, etc. think of RC as a<br />
resource that is at your disposal to combat any disinformation put<br />
forward by the McIntyres of the world. Just let us know. We&#8217;ll use our<br />
best discretion to make sure the skeptics dont&#8217;get to use the RC<br />
comments as a megaphone&#8230;<br />
mike </p>
<p>&#8211;<br />
Michael E. Mann<br />
Associate Professor<br />
Director, Earth System Science Center (ESSC) </p>
<p>Department of Meteorology Phone: (814) 863-4075<br />
503 Walker Building FAX: (814) 865-3663<br />
The Pennsylvania State University email: <a href="mailto:mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx">mann@xxxxxxxxx.xxx</a><br />
University Park, PA 16802-5013 </p>
<p><a href="http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/faculty/mann.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/faculty/mann.htm</a></p>
<p>This is huge, here is an &#8220;independent non-profit&#8221; publication offering to shut out any dissent from the established &#8220;consensus&#8221;.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: truepeers</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-452668</link>
		<dc:creator>truepeers</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 20:02:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-452668</guid>
		<description>It&#039;s interesting that the little debate that has erupted here parallels that which occurred at the birth of modern science. As the publisher&#039;s blurb (http://press.princeton.edu/titles/2353.html) for Shapin and Schaffer&#039;s book on Robert Boyle&#039;s airpump reads:

&lt;i&gt;In the aftermath of the English Civil War, as people were groping for new forms of political order, Robert Boyle built an air-pump to do exper­iments. Does the story of Roundheads and Restoration have something to do with the origins of experimental sci­ence? Schaffer and Shapin believed it does.

Focusing on the debates between Boyle and his archcritic Thomas Hobbes over the air-pump, the authors proposed that &quot;solutions to the problem of knowledge are solutions to the problem of social order.&quot; Both Boyle and Hobbes were looking for ways of establishing knowledge that did not decay into ad hominem attacks and political division. Boyle proposed the experiment as cure. He argued that facts should be manufactured by machines like the air-pump so that gentlemen could witness the experiments and produce knowledge that everyone agreed on. Hobbes, by contrast, looked for natural law and viewed experiments as the artificial, unreliable products of an exclusive guild.

The new approaches taken in Leviathan and the Air-Pump have been enormously influential on historical studies of science. Shapin and Schaffer found a moment of scientific revolution and showed how key scientific givens--facts, interpretations, experiment, truth--were fundamental to a new political order. Shapin and Schaffer were also innovative in their ethnographic approach. Attempting to understand the work habits, rituals, and social structures of a remote, unfamiliar group, they argued that politics were tied up in what scientists did, rather than what they said.&lt;/i&gt;

And, as Bruno Latour in his book &lt;i&gt;We Have Never Been Modern&lt;/i&gt; writes: 

&lt;i&gt;Far from &quot;situating Boyle&#039;s scientific works in their social context&quot; or showing how politics &quot;presses in upon&quot; scientific doctrines, they [Shapin and Schaffer] examine how Boyle and Hobbes fought to invent a science, a context, and a demarcation between the two. They are not prepared to explain the content by the context, since neither existed in this new way before Boyle and Hobbes reached their respective goals and settled their differences.

The beauty of Shapin and Schaffer&#039;s book stems from their success in unearthing Hobbes&#039;s scientific works - which had been neglected by political scientists, because they were embarassed by the wild mathematical imaginings of their hero - and in rescuing from oblivion Boyle&#039;s poilitical theories - which had been neglected by historians of science because they preferred to conceal their hero&#039;s organizational efforts. Instead of setting up an asymmetry, instead of distributing science to Boyle and political theory to Hobbes, Shapin and Schaffer outline a rather nice quadrant: Boyle has a science and a political theory; Hobbes has a political theory and a science. The quadrant would be uninteresting if the ideas of our two heroes were too far apart... But by good fortune, they agree on almost everything. They want a king, a Parliament, a docile and unified Church, and they are fervent subscribers to mechanistic philosophy. But even though both are thoroughgoing rationalists, their opionions diverge as to what can be expected from experimentation, from scientific reasoning, from political argument - and above all from the air pump, the real hero of the story.
[...]
Boyle carefully refrained from talking about vacuum pumps. To put some order into the debates that followed the discovery of the Toricellian space at the top of a mercury tube inverted in a basin of the same substance, he claimed to be investigating only the weight of the air without taking sides in the dispute between plenists and vacuists. The apparatus he developed... that would permanently evacuate the air from a transparent glass container was, for the period - in terms of cost, complication and novelty - the equivalent of a major piece of equipment in contemporary physics. This was already Big Science....

While a dozen civil wars were raging, Boyle chose a method of argument - that of opinion - that was held in contempt by the oldest scholastic tradition. Boyle and his colleagues abandoned the certainties of apodictic reasoning in favour of a doxa. This doxa was not the raving imagination of the credulous masses, but a new mechanism for winning the support of one&#039;s peers. Instead of seeking to ground his work in logic, mathematics or rhetoric, Boyle relied on a parajuridical metaphor: credible, trustworthy, well-to-do witnesses gathered at the scene of the action can attest to the existence of a fact, the matter of fact, even if they do not know its true nature. So he invented the empirical style that we still use today.

Boyle did not seek these gentlemen&#039;s opinion, but rather their observation of a phenomenon produced artificially in the closed and protected space of a laboratory. Ironically, the key question of the constructivists - are facts thoroughly construced in the laboratory? - is precisely the question that Boyle raised and resolved. Yes, the facts are indeed constructed in the new installation of the laboratory and through the artificial intermediary of the air pump....But are facts that have been constructed by man artifactual for that reason? No: for Boyle, just like Hobbes, extends God&#039;s &quot;constructivism&quot; to man. God knows things because He creates them. We know the nature of the facts because we have developed them in circumstances that are under our complete control. Our weakness becomes a strength, provided that we limit knowledge to the instrumentalized nature of the facts and leave aside the interpretation of causes. ONce again, Boyle turns a flaw - we produce only matters of fact that are created in laboratories and have only local value - into a decisive advantage: these facts will never be modified, whatever may happen elsewhere in theory, metaphysics, religion, politics or logic.&lt;/i&gt;

So you see, science, as a human practise, cannot be understood absent certain understandings of the role of an honorable &quot;gentlemen&quot; observer/fact recorder. But the &quot;peer&quot; is a necessary but not sufficient part of explaining the overall scientific process. A genealogy of &quot;peer review&quot; would have to start at least here though of course our understanding of the &quot;gentleman&quot; goes far back into the history of aristocratic values and their social roles. Anyway, consider that there is a fundamental difference between science and other forms of human-focussed knowledge in that anyone who has a great revelation into human nature can be, say, an artist or religious leader and make a genuine contribution. If those of us without scientific credentials or at least some serious amount of formal education, have a genuine revelation in the natre of physics or chemistry, there is really little we can do with it. No one will listen to us, because we will not know how to represent our little revelation in a way that makes it presentable to those in the field. We won&#039;t know how to relate it to the established understandings and limits of present-day science. Science is ineviatbly a guilded discipline and has to have the honour code appropriate to such. Of course, this has to adapt to new technology and the increasing demands for tranparency and it has to know that it cannot have the final word on how we interpret the causes or socio-political-religious implications of its facts. But if science begins with facts, we need to be able to trust the integrity of those few with the resources and training to create them in the first place.

I chose the blogging name &quot;truepeers&quot; because it is inherently paradoxical; you can&#039;t specify exactly what is a true peer. But, at the same time, you can&#039;t engage in this world, or any human world, without adopting, as a base assumption, some form of the paradox. Which reminds me of something a friend writes (http://gablog.cdh.ucla.edu/) &lt;/a&gt;:

&lt;i&gt;Perhaps the assumption that certain moral and ethical dispositions (certain patterns in the relations between ostensives, imperatives and declaratives) are required for a healthy political economy would help account for and benefit from exploring the one time and place in history, so far as I know, that genuinely approximated a free market:  the 19th century Anglosphere, the U.S. and Great Britain (and Canada?) in particular.  One of the greatest accomplishments of early modern bourgeois culture was the conversion of aristocratic into republican values, as notions like “nobility” and “virtue” came to be attached to action and character as opposed to being markers of social class.  The “gentleman” and the “lady” were critical results of this process, and these figures eased the transition from status to individuality, maintaining their currency until very recently—only the cultural revolution of the 60s decisively dealt them their death blow (how long before the terms no longer even grace our public restrooms?).  The gentleman and the lady domesticated ancient notions of “honor,” directing them away from violence perpetuated in the name of tribal and patriarchal prerogatives and protection towards a harmonious balance between public and private life, centered on the division of sexual roles in the nuclear family.  My point here is not that we can revive ladies and gentlemen, but simply that no account of free market economics would be complete without them— without the assumptions of upward mobility and generational transmission through discipline and effort, including female responsibility for sexual deferral and “manly” self-reliance, implicit in these “categories,” the daunting rigors of Victorian laissez-faire economics would be unthinkable.  An originary political economy today, then, would likewise have to study the novel forms of individuality and family life emergent today.  An unsentimental and disinterested observation of today’s children and youth—if we can impose upon ourselves the discipline restraining us from either marveling at their supposedly splendid new qualities or flunking them due to their deviation from a more familiar model—would certainly be a good place to start, especially given the almost absolute independence and simulated internal coherence accredited to the world of teenagers in particular by the contemporary market.  Maybe the representation of children holds at least one key towards unlocking today’s political economy.&lt;/i&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It&#8217;s interesting that the little debate that has erupted here parallels that which occurred at the birth of modern science. As the publisher&#8217;s blurb (<a href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/2353.html" rel="nofollow">http://press.princeton.edu/titles/2353.html</a>) for Shapin and Schaffer&#8217;s book on Robert Boyle&#8217;s airpump reads:</p>
<p><i>In the aftermath of the English Civil War, as people were groping for new forms of political order, Robert Boyle built an air-pump to do exper­iments. Does the story of Roundheads and Restoration have something to do with the origins of experimental sci­ence? Schaffer and Shapin believed it does.</p>
<p>Focusing on the debates between Boyle and his archcritic Thomas Hobbes over the air-pump, the authors proposed that &#8220;solutions to the problem of knowledge are solutions to the problem of social order.&#8221; Both Boyle and Hobbes were looking for ways of establishing knowledge that did not decay into ad hominem attacks and political division. Boyle proposed the experiment as cure. He argued that facts should be manufactured by machines like the air-pump so that gentlemen could witness the experiments and produce knowledge that everyone agreed on. Hobbes, by contrast, looked for natural law and viewed experiments as the artificial, unreliable products of an exclusive guild.</p>
<p>The new approaches taken in Leviathan and the Air-Pump have been enormously influential on historical studies of science. Shapin and Schaffer found a moment of scientific revolution and showed how key scientific givens&#8211;facts, interpretations, experiment, truth&#8211;were fundamental to a new political order. Shapin and Schaffer were also innovative in their ethnographic approach. Attempting to understand the work habits, rituals, and social structures of a remote, unfamiliar group, they argued that politics were tied up in what scientists did, rather than what they said.</i></p>
<p>And, as Bruno Latour in his book <i>We Have Never Been Modern</i> writes: </p>
<p><i>Far from &#8220;situating Boyle&#8217;s scientific works in their social context&#8221; or showing how politics &#8220;presses in upon&#8221; scientific doctrines, they [Shapin and Schaffer] examine how Boyle and Hobbes fought to invent a science, a context, and a demarcation between the two. They are not prepared to explain the content by the context, since neither existed in this new way before Boyle and Hobbes reached their respective goals and settled their differences.</p>
<p>The beauty of Shapin and Schaffer&#8217;s book stems from their success in unearthing Hobbes&#8217;s scientific works &#8211; which had been neglected by political scientists, because they were embarassed by the wild mathematical imaginings of their hero &#8211; and in rescuing from oblivion Boyle&#8217;s poilitical theories &#8211; which had been neglected by historians of science because they preferred to conceal their hero&#8217;s organizational efforts. Instead of setting up an asymmetry, instead of distributing science to Boyle and political theory to Hobbes, Shapin and Schaffer outline a rather nice quadrant: Boyle has a science and a political theory; Hobbes has a political theory and a science. The quadrant would be uninteresting if the ideas of our two heroes were too far apart&#8230; But by good fortune, they agree on almost everything. They want a king, a Parliament, a docile and unified Church, and they are fervent subscribers to mechanistic philosophy. But even though both are thoroughgoing rationalists, their opionions diverge as to what can be expected from experimentation, from scientific reasoning, from political argument &#8211; and above all from the air pump, the real hero of the story.<br />
[...]<br />
Boyle carefully refrained from talking about vacuum pumps. To put some order into the debates that followed the discovery of the Toricellian space at the top of a mercury tube inverted in a basin of the same substance, he claimed to be investigating only the weight of the air without taking sides in the dispute between plenists and vacuists. The apparatus he developed&#8230; that would permanently evacuate the air from a transparent glass container was, for the period &#8211; in terms of cost, complication and novelty &#8211; the equivalent of a major piece of equipment in contemporary physics. This was already Big Science&#8230;.</p>
<p>While a dozen civil wars were raging, Boyle chose a method of argument &#8211; that of opinion &#8211; that was held in contempt by the oldest scholastic tradition. Boyle and his colleagues abandoned the certainties of apodictic reasoning in favour of a doxa. This doxa was not the raving imagination of the credulous masses, but a new mechanism for winning the support of one&#8217;s peers. Instead of seeking to ground his work in logic, mathematics or rhetoric, Boyle relied on a parajuridical metaphor: credible, trustworthy, well-to-do witnesses gathered at the scene of the action can attest to the existence of a fact, the matter of fact, even if they do not know its true nature. So he invented the empirical style that we still use today.</p>
<p>Boyle did not seek these gentlemen&#8217;s opinion, but rather their observation of a phenomenon produced artificially in the closed and protected space of a laboratory. Ironically, the key question of the constructivists &#8211; are facts thoroughly construced in the laboratory? &#8211; is precisely the question that Boyle raised and resolved. Yes, the facts are indeed constructed in the new installation of the laboratory and through the artificial intermediary of the air pump&#8230;.But are facts that have been constructed by man artifactual for that reason? No: for Boyle, just like Hobbes, extends God&#8217;s &#8220;constructivism&#8221; to man. God knows things because He creates them. We know the nature of the facts because we have developed them in circumstances that are under our complete control. Our weakness becomes a strength, provided that we limit knowledge to the instrumentalized nature of the facts and leave aside the interpretation of causes. ONce again, Boyle turns a flaw &#8211; we produce only matters of fact that are created in laboratories and have only local value &#8211; into a decisive advantage: these facts will never be modified, whatever may happen elsewhere in theory, metaphysics, religion, politics or logic.</i></p>
<p>So you see, science, as a human practise, cannot be understood absent certain understandings of the role of an honorable &#8220;gentlemen&#8221; observer/fact recorder. But the &#8220;peer&#8221; is a necessary but not sufficient part of explaining the overall scientific process. A genealogy of &#8220;peer review&#8221; would have to start at least here though of course our understanding of the &#8220;gentleman&#8221; goes far back into the history of aristocratic values and their social roles. Anyway, consider that there is a fundamental difference between science and other forms of human-focussed knowledge in that anyone who has a great revelation into human nature can be, say, an artist or religious leader and make a genuine contribution. If those of us without scientific credentials or at least some serious amount of formal education, have a genuine revelation in the natre of physics or chemistry, there is really little we can do with it. No one will listen to us, because we will not know how to represent our little revelation in a way that makes it presentable to those in the field. We won&#8217;t know how to relate it to the established understandings and limits of present-day science. Science is ineviatbly a guilded discipline and has to have the honour code appropriate to such. Of course, this has to adapt to new technology and the increasing demands for tranparency and it has to know that it cannot have the final word on how we interpret the causes or socio-political-religious implications of its facts. But if science begins with facts, we need to be able to trust the integrity of those few with the resources and training to create them in the first place.</p>
<p>I chose the blogging name &#8220;truepeers&#8221; because it is inherently paradoxical; you can&#8217;t specify exactly what is a true peer. But, at the same time, you can&#8217;t engage in this world, or any human world, without adopting, as a base assumption, some form of the paradox. Which reminds me of something a friend writes (<a href="http://gablog.cdh.ucla.edu/" rel="nofollow">http://gablog.cdh.ucla.edu/</a>) :</p>
<p><i>Perhaps the assumption that certain moral and ethical dispositions (certain patterns in the relations between ostensives, imperatives and declaratives) are required for a healthy political economy would help account for and benefit from exploring the one time and place in history, so far as I know, that genuinely approximated a free market:  the 19th century Anglosphere, the U.S. and Great Britain (and Canada?) in particular.  One of the greatest accomplishments of early modern bourgeois culture was the conversion of aristocratic into republican values, as notions like “nobility” and “virtue” came to be attached to action and character as opposed to being markers of social class.  The “gentleman” and the “lady” were critical results of this process, and these figures eased the transition from status to individuality, maintaining their currency until very recently—only the cultural revolution of the 60s decisively dealt them their death blow (how long before the terms no longer even grace our public restrooms?).  The gentleman and the lady domesticated ancient notions of “honor,” directing them away from violence perpetuated in the name of tribal and patriarchal prerogatives and protection towards a harmonious balance between public and private life, centered on the division of sexual roles in the nuclear family.  My point here is not that we can revive ladies and gentlemen, but simply that no account of free market economics would be complete without them— without the assumptions of upward mobility and generational transmission through discipline and effort, including female responsibility for sexual deferral and “manly” self-reliance, implicit in these “categories,” the daunting rigors of Victorian laissez-faire economics would be unthinkable.  An originary political economy today, then, would likewise have to study the novel forms of individuality and family life emergent today.  An unsentimental and disinterested observation of today’s children and youth—if we can impose upon ourselves the discipline restraining us from either marveling at their supposedly splendid new qualities or flunking them due to their deviation from a more familiar model—would certainly be a good place to start, especially given the almost absolute independence and simulated internal coherence accredited to the world of teenagers in particular by the contemporary market.  Maybe the representation of children holds at least one key towards unlocking today’s political economy.</i></p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: StewartIII</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-452563</link>
		<dc:creator>StewartIII</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 18:18:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-452563</guid>
		<description>NewsBusters -- Open Thread: ClimateGate reveals attempts to subvert scientific review
http://newsbusters.org/blogs/nb-staff/2009/11/24/open-thread</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>NewsBusters &#8212; Open Thread: ClimateGate reveals attempts to subvert scientific review<br />
<a href="http://newsbusters.org/blogs/nb-staff/2009/11/24/open-thread" rel="nofollow">http://newsbusters.org/blogs/nb-staff/2009/11/24/open-thread</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
	<item>
		<title>By: Kevin R.C. O'Brien</title>
		<link>http://pjmedia.com/blog/climategate-violating-the-social-contract-of-science/#comment-452510</link>
		<dc:creator>Kevin R.C. O'Brien</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 24 Nov 2009 17:32:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://pajamasmedia.com/?p=72856#comment-452510</guid>
		<description>Well, we have enough indicators here to say that Jones, Briffa, Santer and Michael &quot;Piltdown&quot; Mann himself (who seems to be the ringleader of the conspiracy) are frauds. 

Their conclusions might be right or might not be, but their science they muster in support of those vehemently-held convictions is shot through with corruption. 

And their journalistic mouthpieces -- the BBC&#039;s Black as mentioned above, and the NYT&#039;s Andrew Revkin, a veritable Jayson Blair of science reporting -- are exposed as participants in the fraud. 

I don&#039;t see a way back to credibility for the scientists, apart from eating a little crow and releasing their data sets (as they should have done years ago) -- if the data actually exists in an incorrupt state, which it may not. 

I don&#039;t see any path to credibility for the journalists at all, but in their profession, unlike science, it doesn&#039;t matter: no one has ever been hired by the BBC, the NYT, or the North Korean Ministry of Propaganda to engage in skeptical enquiry.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, we have enough indicators here to say that Jones, Briffa, Santer and Michael &#8220;Piltdown&#8221; Mann himself (who seems to be the ringleader of the conspiracy) are frauds. </p>
<p>Their conclusions might be right or might not be, but their science they muster in support of those vehemently-held convictions is shot through with corruption. </p>
<p>And their journalistic mouthpieces &#8212; the BBC&#8217;s Black as mentioned above, and the NYT&#8217;s Andrew Revkin, a veritable Jayson Blair of science reporting &#8212; are exposed as participants in the fraud. </p>
<p>I don&#8217;t see a way back to credibility for the scientists, apart from eating a little crow and releasing their data sets (as they should have done years ago) &#8212; if the data actually exists in an incorrupt state, which it may not. </p>
<p>I don&#8217;t see any path to credibility for the journalists at all, but in their profession, unlike science, it doesn&#8217;t matter: no one has ever been hired by the BBC, the NYT, or the North Korean Ministry of Propaganda to engage in skeptical enquiry.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
	</item>
</channel>
</rss>

